Introduction:
Technology today has not only advanced in terms of size, capacity and speed, but it also has grown more intelligent. Intelligence of the Technology has made it very useful in one’s daily life. Such intelligence of Technology is called as Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is a rapid growing Science and thus has become a major field of study in Science. With growing advancements, there is also growing Legal concerns in Artificial Intelligence. To introduce Legal theory and impose Legal control on Artificial Intelligence it is imperative we first understand the concept of Artificial Intelligence in detail.
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is a concept which gives the ability to machines to think and decide upon the course of action which needs to be taken. Therefore the ability to think on its own and the ability decide is known as Intelligence. Such intelligence is being granted to the machines i.e. robots and hence the name Artificial Intelligence. If Robotics is the body then Artificial intelligence is the soul which gives life to the robots. The Artificial intelligence is again different from that of Human Intelligence in many ways. Human intelligence is based on both logics and common sense, but the Artificial Intelligence is completely based on Logics. This is because of the fact that Artificial Intelligence is built by the software programs, source codes, algorithms etc. John McCarthy is regarded as the Father of Artificial Intelligence.
Different types of Artificial Intelligence:
Different types of Artificial Intelligence are based on two major categories:
Type 1: Based on Capabilities:
Narrow Artificial Intelligence: This type of Artificial Intelligence is the mostly commonly available artificial intelligence. Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence. It cannot perform beyond its specified capabilities. Example: Siri in I-Phones
General Artificial Intelligence: General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human. The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think like a human by its own. Currently there is no system which can perform such capabilities. Such type Artificial Intelligence is still under research.
Super Artificial Intelligence: Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI. Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own. This type of Artificial Intelligence is a hypothetical and is under research.
Type 2: Based on Functionalities:
Reactive Machines: Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence. Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions. These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action. Example: Google’s AlphaGo
Limited Memory: Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time. These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only. Example: Self-driving cars, Navigation systems in cars.
Theory of Mind: Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans. These types of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
Self-Awareness: Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness. These machines will be smarter than human mind. Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept[1].
Conclusion:
Full-fledged Artificial Intelligence is often seen as a threat to Humanity. Therefore having Legal control over Artificial Intelligence is the only way we can have control over it. There are many legal issues that needs to be explained in Law to have a legal control such as: Personality of Artificial Intelligence, Nature of Liability of Artificial Intelligence in case of Civil wrongs and Criminal wrongs, Penal Provisions for Artificial Intelligence, Contractual Liability, Data Privacy issues etc. are some of the major concerns that needs to be addressed to have full-fledged control over Artificial Intelligence.
[1]Types of Artificial Intelligence, https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-artificial-intelligence